GIS Glossary

Foundational variables used in spatial analysis, often as reference or control variables in statistical modelling.

A georeferenced background image or map layer that provides context for other spatial data and analysis. It serves as a reference framework for overlaying thematic data.

A statistical method used in spatial analysis to update the probability of a hypothesis based on observed data, relevant for spatial modelling and prediction.

The direction from one point to another, measured as an angle from a reference direction (usually north). Bearings are important in navigation and spatial orientation.

A precisely surveyed point, often marked physically, used as a control point for spatial data collection and accuracy assessment.

A raster data format where each cell is coded with only two possible values(e.g., 0 or 1), often used for presence/absence or suitability analysis (inferred from standard GIS usage).

The smallest rectangle, aligned with coordinate axes, that completely contains a geographic feature or set of features. Useful for spatial queries and map display extents.

Linear features representing a change in the slope or elevation in terrain modelling, important for creating accurate digital elevation models (inferred from standard GIS usage).

A spatial analysis operation that creates zones of a specified distance around geographic features (points, lines, or polygons). Buffers are commonly used to analyse proximity and impact areas.

The process of creating and analysing buffer zones to assess spatial relationships and impacts, such as identifying features within a certain distance of a point or line.

Relating to land boundaries and subdivisions; cadastral data is essential for property and land management analysis.

The ratio between distances on a map and actual ground distances, influencing spatial analysis resolution.

The art and science of map-making, fundamental for visualizing and interpreting spatial data.

The process of grouping spatial data into categories based on attribute values, essential for thematic mapping and analysis.

A spatial operation that extracts features from one dataset that fall within the boundaries of another, commonly used to focus analysis on a specific area.

A statistical method for identifying spatial groupings or concentrations of features, widely used in spatial pattern analysis.

A gradient of colors used to represent data values on a map, aiding in the visualization of spatial analysis results.

A map created by overlaying multiple spatial data layers, supporting complex spatial analysis

Digital design data often integrated into GIS for spatial analysis of infrastructure and engineering features.

The spatial relationship describing how features are linked or connected, critical in network and hydrological analyses.